Assessing the Threat to Your Computer

Assessing the Threat to Your Computer
Three primary factors contribute to your risk of catching
viruses:
The version of the Windows operating system you are
using Whether you have installed security patches on your
computer How many people use the computer
But also important are your Internet browsing habits:

•  Do you visit many different Web sites?
•  Do you visit sites that try to mess with your computer’s settings (and how would you know — and prevent —that)?

•  Do you have a tendency to open e-mail attachments from people you don’t know?
•  Do you visit Web sites cited in e-mail messages from strangers?

All these factors have a direct bearing on whether you are
prone to catching viruses.
Finally, the manner in which your computer is connected to
the Internet determines your susceptibility to viruses. If you
have a high-speed, “always-on” Internet connection, then virus
writers are actively trying to find you (or already have!). Dialup
connections are somewhat less risky — but not risk-free.
Which operating systemare you using?
Microsoft’s earlier versions of Windows had very little in the
way of security — they conformed to Microsoft’s earlier (and
flawed) premise that everyone in corporations and everyone on the Internet is nice and can be trusted and that no one willdo anything bad. Microsoft, by the way, has been humbled bythe experience and, as a result, the newer versions of Windows are far more secure than their predecessors.

Assembling computers

Assembling computers is a large part of a technician’s job. As a technician, you will need to
work in a logical, methodical manner when working with computer components. As with
any learned trade, your computer assembly skills will improve dramatically with practice.

Open the Case
Computer cases are produced in a variety of form factors. Form factors refer to the size and shape of the case.
Prepare the workspace before opening the computer case. There should be adequate lighting, good ventilation, and a comfortable room temperature. The workbench or table should be accessible from all sides. Avoid cluttering the surface of the workbench or table with tools and computer components. An antistatic mat on the table will help prevent physical and electrostatic discharge (ESD) damage to equipment. Small containers can be used to
hold screws and other parts as you remove them.
There are different methods of opening cases. To learn how to open a particular computer case, consult the user manual or manufacturer’s website. Most computer cases are opened in one of the following ways:

• The computer case cover can be removed as one piece.
• The case’s top and side panels can be removed.
•  The top of the case may need to be removed before the side panels can be removed.

Install the Power Supply
A technician may be required to replace or install a power supply.
Most power supplies can fit only one way in the computer case. Usually, three or four screws attach the power supply to the case. Power supplies have fans that can vibrate and loosen screws that are not secured. When installing a power supply, make sure that all the screws are used and that they are properly tightened.
These are the power supply installation steps:
Step 1. Insert the power supply into the case.
Step 2. Align the holes in the power supply with the holes in the case.
Step 3. Secure the power supply to the case using the proper screws.

Attach the Components to the Motherboard and Install the Motherboard
This section details the steps to install components on the motherboard and then install the motherboard into the computer case.
After completing this section, you will meet these objectives:

•  Install a CPU and a heat sink/fan assembly.
•  Install the RAM.
•  Install the motherboard.

Install a CPU and a Heat Sink/Fan Assembly
The central processing unit (CPU) and the heat sink/fan assembly may be installed on the motherboard before the motherboard is placed in the computer case.

The CPU is secured to the socket on the motherboard with a locking assembly. CPU socketstoday are zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets. You should be familiar with the lockingassembly before attempting to install a CPU into the socket on the motherboard.

Thermal compound helps keep the CPU cool. Figure 3-3 shows thermal compound beingapplied to the CPU.

When you are installing a used CPU, clean the CPU and the base of the heat sink with isopropyl alcohol. Doing this removes all traces of old thermal compound. The surfaces are now ready for a new layer of thermal compound. Follow all manufacturer recommendations about applying the thermal compound.

 

Step 1.  Align the CPU so that the Connection 1 indicator is lined up with Pin 1 on the CPU socket. Doing this ensures that the orientation notches on the CPU are aligned with the orientation keys on the CPU socket.
Step 2.  Place the CPU gently into the socket.

Step 3.  Close the CPU load plate and secure it in place by closing the load lever and moving it under the load lever retention tab.
Step 4.  Carefully apply a small amount of thermal compound to the CPU, and spread it evenly. Follow the application instructions provided by the manufacturer.
Step 5.  Align the heat sink/fan assembly retainers with the holes on the motherboard.
Step 6.  Place the heat sink/fan assembly onto the CPU socket, being careful not to pinch the CPU fan wires.
Step 7.  Tighten the heat sink/fan assembly retainers to secure the assembly in place.
Step 8.  Connect the heat sink/fan assembly power cable to the header on the motherboard.

Install the RAM
Like the CPU and the heat sink/fan assembly, random-access memory (RAM) is installed in the motherboard before the motherboard is secured in the computer case. Before you install a memory module, consult the motherboard documentation or website of the manufacturer to ensure that the RAM is compatible with the motherboard.
RAM provides temporary data storage for the CPU while the computer is operating. RAM is volatile memory, which means that its contents are lost when the computer is shut down.
Typically, more RAM enhances your computer’s performance.
Follow these steps for RAM installation:
Step 1.  Align the notches on the RAM module to the keys in the slot, and press down until the side tabs click into place.
Step 2.  Make sure that the side tabs have locked the RAM module. Visually check forexposed contacts.
Repeat these steps for additional RAM modules.
Install the Motherboard
The motherboard is now ready to install in the computer case. Plastic and metal standoffs are used to mount the motherboard and to prevent it from touching the metal portions of the case. You should install only the standoffs that align with the holes in the motherboard.
Installing any additional standoffs may prevent the motherboard from being seated properlyin the computer case.

Follow these steps for motherboard installation:
Step 1.  Install standoffs in the computer case.
Step 2.  Align the I/O connectors on the back of the motherboard with the openings in the back of the case.
Step 3.  Align the screw holes of the motherboard with the standoffs.
Step 4.  Insert all the motherboard screws.
Step 5.  Tighten all the motherboard screws.

Install Internal Drives
Drives that are installed in internal bays are called internal drives. A hard disk drive (HDD) is an example of an internal drive.
Follow these steps for HDD installation:
Step 1. Position the HDD so that it aligns with the 3.5-inch drive bay.
Step 2. Insert the HDD into the drive bay so that the screw holes in the drive line up with the screw holes in the case.
Step 3. Secure the HDD to the case using the proper screws.

Install Drives in External Bays
Drives, such as optical drives and floppy drives, are installed in drive bays that are accessed from the front of the case. Optical drives and floppy drives store data on removable media.
Drives in external bays let you access the media without opening the case.
After completing this section, you will meet these objectives:

• Install the optical drive.
•  Install the floppy drive.

Install the Optical Drive
An optical drive is a storage device that reads and writes information to CDs and DVDs. A Molex power connector provides the optical drive with power from the power supply. A PATA cable connects the optical drive to the motherboard.
Follow these steps for optical drive installation:
Step 1.  Position the optical drive so that it aligns with the 5.25-inch drive bay.
Step 2.  Insert the optical drive into the drive bay so that the optical drive screw holes align with the screw holes in the case.
Step 3.  Secure the optical drive to the case using the proper screws.
Install the Floppy Drive A floppy disk drive (FDD) is a storage device that reads and writes information to a floppy disk. A Berg power connector provides the FDD with power from the power supply. A floppy data cable connects the FDD to the motherboard.
A floppy disk drive fits into the 3.5-inch bay on the front of the computer case.

Follow these steps for FDD installation:
Step 1.  Position the FDD so that it aligns with the 3.5-inch drive bay.
Step 2.  Insert the FDD into the drive bay so that the FDD screw holes align with the screw holes in the case.
Step 3. Secure the FDD to the case using the proper screws.

 

Connect All Internal Cables
Power cables are used to distribute electricity from the power supply to the motherboard and other components. Data cables transmit data between the motherboard and storage devices, such as hard drives. Additional cables connect the buttons and link lights on the front of the computer case to the motherboard.
After completing this section, you will meet these objectives:

•  Connect the power cables.
•  Connect the data cables.

Connect the Power Cables
This section deals with the following:

• Motherboard power connections
• SATA power connectors
• Molex power connectors
• Berg power connectors

Motherboard Power Connections
Just like other components, motherboards require power to operate. The Advanced Technology Extended (ATX) main power connector has either 20 or 24 pins. The power supply may also have a four-pin or six-pin auxiliary (AUX) power connector that connects to the motherboard. A 20-pin connector will work in a motherboard with a 24-pin socket.
Follow these steps for motherboard power cable installation:
Step 1.  Align the 20-pin ATX power connector to the socket on the motherboard.
Step 2.  Gently press down on the connector until the clip clicks into place.
Step 3.  Align the four-pin AUX power connector to the socket on the motherboard.
Step 4.  Gently press down on the connector until the clip clicks into place.

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